Browsing by Author "Ojeda-Aravena, Alex"

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    A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Plyometric-Jump Training on the Physical Fitness of Combat Sport Athletes
    (2023-01-30) Ojeda-Aravena, Alex; Herrera-Valenzuela, Tomás; Valdés-Badilla, Pablo; Báez-San Martín, Eduardo; Thapa, Rohit K.; Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo
    We aimed to assess the athletic performance changes in combat sport athletes (CoSAs) after plyometric-jump training (PJT), compared to control conditions, through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Following PRISMA guidelines, three electronic databases were searched for includable articles, according to a PICOS approach. Using a random-effects model, Hedges’ g effects sizes (ES) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, with values of <25%, 25–75%, and >75% representing low, moderate, and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Twelve eligible articles were identified for systematic review, seven of high quality and five of moderate quality, according to the PEDro scale. The studies recruited taekwondo, silat, wrestling, judo, fencing, and karate athletes (292 total participants), including specific–active and active controls. Most participants had a mean age of <18 years and were males (n = 225). Compared to the control, PJT programmes, involving 4–12 weeks and 2–3 sessions per week, induced small to moderate improvements (ES = 0.47 to 1.04) in athletes’ maximal strength (e.g., 1RM squat), vertical jump height, change-of-direction speed, and specific performance (e.g., fencing movement velocity), although without meaningful effects on body mass, fat mass, and muscle mass (ES = 0.02 to −0.06). Most (7 of 8) outcomes attained low heterogeneity. The outcome-level GRADE analysis indicated a certainty of evidence from low to moderate. In conclusion, PJT, when compared to control conditions, may improve CoSA athletic performance.
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    Diferencias del estado nutricional y niveles de actividad física entre escolares de ascendencia étnica Mapuche y de ascendencia Europea: Un estudio observacional
    (2022-05-24) Azócar-Gallardo, Jairo; Ojeda-Aravena, Alex; Romero-Steiner, Óscar; Báez-San Martín, Eduardo
    La mal nutrición por exceso y la inactividad física en la población escolar es de preocupación para la salud pública. Sin embargo, las diferencias entre escolares de la etnia Mapuche (étnicos) y de ascencendencia Europea (no-étnicos) es aún controversial. Propósito. Examinar las diferencias del estado nutricional y niveles de actividad física entre escolares étnicos Mapuches y no-étnicos de ascendencia Europea. Material y métodos. A través de un estudio de diseño observacional participaron 32 escolares (hombres n = 16, mujeres n = 13) distribuidos según la étnia y sexo en grupo étnicos y no-étnicos. El estado nutricional se evaluó a partir del índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de masa grasa ajustado a la edad. En tanto, los niveles de actividad física mediante el cuestionario internacional de actividad física en su versión corta. Resultados. Se informó de una masa corporal superior (p < ,01) en los hombres étnicos vs no-étnicos así como niveles de actividad física baja, vigorosa y gasto energético total superiores (p <, 05) en las mujeres étnicas vs las no-étnicas. Conclusiones. El presente estudio informa de una masa corporal menor y un mayor nivel de actividad física en los escolares Mapuches hombres y mujeres respectivamente, en comparación con los escolares de ascendencia Europea.
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    Effect of a Six Week In-Season Training Program on Wrestling-Specific Competitive Performance
    (2022-07-30) Francino, Lucciano; Villarroel, Bayron; Valdés-Badilla, Pablo; Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo; Báez-San Martín, Eduardo; Ojeda-Aravena, Alex; Aedo-Muñoz, Esteban; Pardo-Tamayo, Carolina; Herrera-Valenzuela, Tomás
    The effect of multi-component training on specific performance is under-researched in wrestlers. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of six weeks of multi-component training on The SpecialWrestling Fitness Test (SWFT) performances of wrestlers who were preparing for an international championship, and to, additionally, determine their inter-individual adaptive variability. The wrestlers (n = 13; 7 females; all international level) underwent technical-tactical and physical fitness training for the six weeks before the championship, 12 sessions per week (i.e., 36 h per week). Before and after the intervention the athletes were assessed with the SWFT, a wrestling-specific competitive performance test that includes measurements for throws, heart rate response to the SWFT, and the SWFT index. Significant pre–post intervention improvements were noted for throws (pre = 23.5 ± 2.9; post = 24.9 ± 3.6; p = 0.022) and SWFTindex (pre = 14.9 ± 2.2; post = 14.1 ± 2.2; p = 0.013. In conclusion, six weeks of multi-component training improved wrestling-specific competitive performances in highly-trained wrestlers, although with a meaningful inter-subject variability.
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    Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training With Specific Techniques on Jumping Ability and Change of Direction Speed in Karate Athletes: An Inter-individual Analysis
    (Frontiers in Psychology, 2021) Ojeda-Aravena, Alex; Herrera-Valenzuela, Tomás; Valdés-Badilla, Pablo; Báez-San Martín, Eduardo; Cancino-López, Jorge; Azócar-Gallardo, Jairo; Zapata-Bastías, José; García-García, José Manuel
    This study investigated the effect of 4weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with specific techniques and analyzed inter-individual variability [classified in responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs)] on jumping ability and change of direction speed (CODS) in youth karate athletes. Athletes of both genders (n =10) were randomly assigned into experimental group (EG; n=5) and the control group (CG; n=5). The EG trained 2–3days per week applying HIIT (three rounds [15 sets of 4s all-out specific efforts with 8s of dynamical pauses] with 3min of recovery between rounds) during their usual training during 4weeks. Assessments included squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) and CODS by T-test. No significant interaction effect group by time was found. Although, in percentage and effect size (ES) terms increases were reported in both groups for SJ (EG: 15.2%, ES=0.91 vs. CG: 12.4%, ES=0.02) and only in EG for the T-test (−1.7%; ES=−0.35). In turn, a trend toward a higher proportion of Rs was observed in the EG (40% Rs) vs. CG (20% Rs) for SJ and CODS, respectively. In conclusion, the addition to regular training of a HIIT with specific techniques and based on the temporal combat structure after 4weeks was not a sufficient stimulus to increase jumping ability and CODS in karate athletes.
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    Effects of plyometric training on softer vs. Harder surfaces on jump-related performance in rugby sevens players
    (2022-08-25) Ojeda-Aravena, Alex; Azócar-Gallardo, Jairo; Campos-Uribe, Victor; Báez-San Martín, Eduardo; Aedo-Muñoz, Esteban Ariel; Herrera-Valenzuela, Tomás
    This study aimed to compare jump-related performance after plyometric training on harder vs. softer surfaces in rugby sevens players. Fourteen players were randomly assigned to the harder surface group (H-G, n = 7) and softer surface group (S-G, n = 7). Three times per week, in the morning, the players performed plyometric training on different surfaces and strength training. Before and after the 4-week intervention period, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and CMJ with arms (CMJA) tests were performed to measure vertical jump displacement (d), rate of force development (r), and power (p). The main results indicated a significant improvement in S-G for CMJd (∆% = +8.2%; p = 0.029; ES = 0.59) and for CMJAp (∆% = +8.7%; p = 0.035; ES = 0.44). These improvements were significant compared to H-G for CMJAd (F1,12 = 8.50; p = 0.013; η2p = 0.41; ES = 0.83) and CMJAp (F1,12 = 7.69; p = 0.017; η2p = 0.39; ES = 0.79). This study reveals that performance related to the counter movement jump with arms on softer surfaces after 4-week plyometric training improved vertical jump displacement and lower body power in rugby sevens players.
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    Effects of Strength Training on Physical Fitness of Olympic Combat Sports Athletes: A Systematic Review
    (2023-02-16) Cid-Calfucura, Izham; Herrera-Valenzuela, Tomás; Franchini, Emerson; Falco, Coral; Alvial-Moscoso, Jorge; Pardo-Tamayo, Carolina; Zapata-Huenullán, Carolina; Ojeda-Aravena, Alex; Valdés-Badilla, Pablo
    This review aimed to identify the effects of strength training programs on the physical fitness of Olympic combat sports (OCS) athletes. The systematic review included peer-reviewed articles that incorporated interventions that included pre- and post-intervention physical fitness assessment. The search was performed in the SCOPUS, PubMed, and Web of Science databases between April and September 2022. PRISMA and the TESTEX checklist were used to select and assess the methodological quality of the studies. Twenty studies with 504 participants (428 males and 76 females) were included. Significant improvements were found in athletes’ maximal dynamic and isometric strength, muscle power, flexibility, and balance. In addition, improvements in favor of the training groups in specific actions of judo, karate, fencing, and boxing were observed. In conclusion, interventions aimed at the development of muscle strength in OCS, specifically in judo, boxing, karate, wrestling, and fencing, proved to be beneficial at a physical fitness level, resulting in significant increases in favor of the training groups with OCS, which could be used by trainers and coaches to improve the physical performance of athletes.
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    Influence of Body Composition on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Metabolic Markers in Physically Inactive Individuals with Insulin Resistance: An Observational Study
    (2023-02-09) Azócar-Gallardo, Jairo; Ojeda-Aravena, Alex; Báez-San Martín, Eduardo; Campos-Uribe, Victor; González-Rojas, Luis; Castillo Cerda, María A.; García-García, José Manuel
    The aim of this study was to determine body composition influence on cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic markers in physically inactive individuals with insulin resistance (IR). Nineteen overweight and obese (body mass index [BMI] 25.0–29.9 kg·m−2; ≥ 30.0 kg·m−2, respectively) patients diagnosed with IR (5 men and 14 women; age: 32.74 ± 10.07 years; BMI: 32.5 ± 4.60 kg·m−2). The body composition included BMI, fat mass, and fat-free mass. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Metabolic markers included maximal fat oxidation, fasting glucose, and insulin. IR was determined by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). The results of the partial correlations (i.e., body mass, age, and sex) reported that fat-free mass, fat mass, and BMI were significantly correlated with VO2max. Additionally, the multiple linear regression model indicated that fat-free mass and BMI explained the variance of VO2max by 89%. However, no substantial correlations were reported between fat mass or fat-free mass with HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, or insulin. This study concluded that a higher percentage of fat-free mass and lower BMI is positively related to better cardiorespiratory fitness despite the IR status of the participants analyzed.
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    Inter-Individual Variability of a High-Intensity Interval Training With Specific Techniques vs. Repeated Sprints Program in Sport-Related Fitness of Taekwondo Athletes
    (Frontiers in Psychology, 2021) Ojeda-Aravena, Alex; Herrera-Valenzuela, Tomás; Valdés-Badilla, Pablo; Cancino-López, Jorge; Zapata-Bastias, José; García-García, José Manuel
    This study investigated the effect of 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with specific techniques (TS-G) vs. repeated sprints (RS-G) and analyzed the inter individual variability [classified into responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs)] on sport-related fitness in taekwondo (TKD) athletes. Athletes of both genders (n = 12) were randomly assigned into TS-G and RS-G groups. Both groups trained 3 days/week for 4 weeks [two blocks of three rounds of 2 min of activity (4-s of all-out efforts with 28-s dynamical pauses) with 1 min of recovery in between and 5 min between blocks] during their regular training. The related sport fitness assessments included squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKTMULT), specifically total kicks and Kick Decrement Index (KDI), and 20-m shuttle run (20MSR). Relevant results indicate a significant effect of the time factor in both groups for SJ performance and a significant decrease for KDI in RS-G. In addition, an improvement in performance according to the effect size analysis in the TS-G in total kicks, KDI, and 20MSR. Complementarily, a higher proportion of athlete Rs was reported in TS-G vs. RS-G for SJ (50% vs. 30.3%, respectively), CMJ, and total kicks (16.6% vs. 0%). In conclusion, the addition to the regular training of a HIIT with specific techniques and repeated-sprints associated with intervals and similar structure of the combat during 4 weeks of training can improve the concentric characteristics of lower limb performance, although they were not the sufficient stimuli in the other components of TKD-related fitness.
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    Relation between VT1, VT2, and VO2max with the Special Wrestling Fitness Test in Youth Wrestlers: A Short Report
    (2023-01-31) Herrera-Valenzuela, Tomás; Franchini, Emerson; Valdés-Badilla, Pablo; Ojeda-Aravena, Alex; Pardo-Tamayo, Carolina; Zapata-Huenullán, Carolina; Cofre-Bolados, Cristián; Sanchez-Ramirez, Celso
    This study investigated the relationship between peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) and 2 (VT2) with the Special Wrestling Fitness Test variables. Thirteen wrestlers (male: six; female: seven) of Olympic freestyle wrestling were assessed. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p < 0.05) was used to establish the relationship between variables. A positive correlation was found between VT1 with throws in set B (r = 0.77; p = 0.002; 95%CI = 0.37–0.93), total throws (r = 0.73; p = 0.004; 95%CI = 0.30–0.91), heart rate recovery (r = 0.58; p = 0.036; 95%CI = 0.05–0.86), and test index (r = −0.60; p = 0.031; 95%CI = −0.86–0.07); between VT2 and throws in set B (r = 0.57; p = 0.043; 95%CI = 0.01–0.86); and between peak oxygen uptake with throws in set B (r = 0.77; p = 0.002; 95%CI = 0.39–0.93), throws in set C (r = 0.64; p = 0.02; 95%CI = 0.12–0.89), and total throws (r = 0.72; p = 0.006; 95%CI = 0.28–0.91). In conclusion, the peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory thresholds correlated with specific Special Wrestling Fitness Test variables.
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    Validity, Reliability, and Sensitivity of Mobile Applications to Assess Change of Direction Speed
    (2023-07) Şahin Uysal, Hüseyin; Ojeda-Aravena, Alex; Ulaş, Mehmet; Báez-San Martín, Eduardo; Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo
    This study aimed to assess the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of mobile applications for assessing change-of-direction speed (CODS) performance. Thirty college athletes performed two Illinois CODS tests during one session. Assessments were carried out simultaneously using six devices (the CODTimer app, Seconds Count app, StopwatchCamera app, two analog stopwatches, and timing gates). Validity analyses included Pearson's product-moment correlation analysis, a linear regression model, and Bland-Altman plots. Reliability analyses included the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the coefficient of variation (CV%), and the paired-sample t test. Sensitivity analyses included the typical error and smallest worthwhile change (SWC). The results showed that validity, reliability, and sensitivity values were higher for the CODTimer app (r = 0.99, R2 = 0.99, mean bias = −0.03 ± 0.10, CV% = 3.21, ICC = 0.89, SWC rating: good, p = 0.84) and the Seconds Count app (r = 0.99, R2 = 0.99, mean bias = −0.03 ± 0.08, CV% = 3.28, ICC = 0.88, SWC rating: good, p = 0.84) relative to the StopwatchCamera app (r = 0.98, R2 = 0.97, mean bias = −0.11 ± 0.22, CV% = 3.43, ICC = 0.86, SWC rating: marginal, p = 0.10), Analog Stopwatch 1 (r = 0.98, R2 = 0.96, mean bias = −0.09 ± 0.42, CV% = 2.95, ICC = 0.90, SWC rating: good, p = 0.91), and Analog Stopwatch 2 (r = 0.99, R2 = 0.97, mean bias = −0.12 ± 0.88, CV% = 3.51, ICC = 0.87, SWC rating: marginal, p = 0.96). In conclusion, compared to timing gates, the CODTimer app and Seconds Count app provided lower measurement bias and higher sensitivity for assessing CODS performance.